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The Burden of Unintentional Drowning: Global, Regional and National Estimates of Mortality From the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study Publisher Pubmed



Franklin RC1, 2 ; Peden AE2, 3 ; Hamilton EB4 ; Bisignano C4 ; Castle CD4 ; Dingels ZV4 ; Hay SI4, 5 ; Liu Z4 ; Mokdad AH4, 5 ; Roberts NLS4 ; Sylte DO4 ; Vos T4, 5 ; Abady GG6 ; Abosetugn AE7 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Franklin RC1, 2
  2. Peden AE2, 3
  3. Hamilton EB4
  4. Bisignano C4
  5. Castle CD4
  6. Dingels ZV4
  7. Hay SI4, 5
  8. Liu Z4
  9. Mokdad AH4, 5
  10. Roberts NLS4
  11. Sylte DO4
  12. Vos T4, 5
  13. Abady GG6
  14. Abosetugn AE7
  15. Ahmed R8, 9
  16. Alahdab F10
  17. Andrei CL11
  18. Antonio CAT12, 13
  19. Arabloo J14
  20. Arba AAK15
  21. Badiye AD16
  22. Bakkannavar SM17
  23. Banach M18, 19
  24. Banik PC20
  25. Banstola A21
  26. Barkercollo SL22
  27. Barzegar A23
  28. Bayati M24
  29. Bhardwaj P25, 26
  30. Bhaumik S27
  31. Bhutta ZA28, 29
  32. Bijani A30
  33. Boloor A31
  34. Carvalho F32
  35. Chowdhury MAK33, 34
  36. Chu DT35
  37. Colquhoun SM36
  38. Dagne H37
  39. Dagnew B38
  40. Dandona L4, 5, 39
  41. Dandona R4, 39
  42. Daryani A40
  43. Dharmaratne SD4, 41
  44. Forooshani ZSD42
  45. Do HT43
  46. Driscoll TR44
  47. Eagan AW45, 46
  48. Elkhatib Z47, 48
  49. Fernandes E49
  50. Filip I50, 51, 151
  51. Fischer F52
  52. Gebremichael B53
  53. Gupta G54
  54. Haagsma JA55
  55. Hassan S56
  56. Hendrie D57
  57. Hoang CL58
  58. Hole MK59
  59. Holla R60
  60. Hostiuc S61, 62
  61. Househ M63, 64
  62. Ilesanmi OS65
  63. Inbaraj LR66
  64. Irvani SSN67
  65. Islam MM68
  66. Ivers RQ69
  67. Jayatilleke AU70, 71
  68. Joukar F72
  69. Kalhor R73, 74
  70. Kanchan T75
  71. Kapoor N16
  72. Kasaeian A76, 77
  73. Khan M78
  74. Khan EA79
  75. Khubchandani J80
  76. Krishan K81
  77. Kumar GA39
  78. Lauriola P82
  79. Lopez AD4, 83
  80. Madadin M84
  81. Majdan M85
  82. Maled V86, 87
  83. Manafi N88, 89
  84. Manafi A90
  85. Mckee M91
  86. Meles HG92
  87. Menezes RG93
  88. Meretoja TJ94, 95
  89. Miller TR57, 96
  90. Mithra P97
  91. Mohammadianhafshejani A98
  92. Mohammadpourhodki R99
  93. Mohebi F100, 101
  94. Molokhia M102
  95. Mustafa G103, 104
  96. Negoi I105, 106
  97. Nguyen CT107
  98. Nguyen HLT107
  99. Olagunju AT108, 109
  100. Olagunju TO110
  101. Padubidri JR111
  102. Pakshir K112
  103. Pathak A47, 113
  104. Polinder S55
  105. Pribadi DRA114
  106. Rabiee N115
  107. Radfar A116, 117
  108. Rana SM118, 119
  109. Rickard J120, 121
  110. Safari S122
  111. Salamati P123
  112. Samy AM124
  113. Sarker AR125
  114. Schwebel DC126
  115. Senthilkumaran S127
  116. Shaahmadi F128
  117. Shaikh MA129
  118. Shin JI130, 131
  119. Singh PK132
  120. Soheili A133, 134
  121. Stokes MA135
  122. Suleria HAR136
  123. Tarigan IU137
  124. Temsah MH138, 139
  125. Tesfay BE140
  126. Valdez PR141, 142
  127. Veisani Y143
  128. Ye P144
  129. Yonemoto N145
  130. Yu C146, 147
  131. Yusefzadeh H148
  132. Zaman SB33, 149
  133. Zhang ZJ150
  134. James SL4
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
  2. 2. Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  3. 3. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  4. 4. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  7. 7. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  8. 8. James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  9. 9. Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  10. 10. Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  11. 11. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  12. 12. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  13. 13. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  14. 14. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Nursing Department, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  16. 16. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  17. 17. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  18. 18. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  19. 19. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  20. 20. Department of Non-Communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  21. 21. Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
  22. 22. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  23. 23. Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  24. 24. Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  26. 26. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Wardha, India
  27. 27. The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  28. 28. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  29. 29. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  30. 30. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  31. 31. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  32. 32. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  33. 33. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  34. 34. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  35. 35. Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  36. 36. Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, ACT, Australia
  37. 37. Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  38. 38. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  39. 39. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  40. 40. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  41. 41. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  42. 42. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  43. 43. Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  44. 44. Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  45. 45. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  46. 46. Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  47. 47. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  48. 48. World Health Programme, Universite du Quebec en Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
  49. 49. REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  50. 50. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  51. 51. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, AZ, United States
  52. 52. Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  53. 53. Public Health Department, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  54. 54. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India
  55. 55. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  56. 56. Centre for International Health, Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  57. 57. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  58. 58. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  59. 59. Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
  60. 60. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  61. 61. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  62. 62. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  63. 63. Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  64. 64. Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, Doha, Qatar
  65. 65. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  66. 66. Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
  67. 67. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  68. 68. School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  69. 69. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  70. 70. Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  71. 71. Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  72. 72. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  73. 73. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin, Iran
  74. 74. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  75. 75. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  76. 76. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  77. 77. Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  78. 78. Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  79. 79. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  80. 80. Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  81. 81. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  82. 82. Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
  83. 83. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  84. 84. Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  85. 85. Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  86. 86. Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
  87. 87. Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
  88. 88. Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  89. 89. Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  90. 90. Plastic Surgery Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  91. 91. Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  92. 92. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  93. 93. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  94. 94. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  95. 95. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  96. 96. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  97. 97. Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  98. 98. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  99. 99. Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  100. 100. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  101. 101. Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  102. 102. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  103. 103. Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
  104. 104. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  105. 105. General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  106. 106. General Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  107. 107. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  108. 108. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  109. 109. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  110. 110. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  111. 111. Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  112. 112. Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  113. 113. Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
  114. 114. Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
  115. 115. Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  116. 116. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  117. 117. College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  118. 118. University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  119. 119. Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  120. 120. Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  121. 121. Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
  122. 122. Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  123. 123. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  124. 124. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  125. 125. Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  126. 126. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  127. 127. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  128. 128. Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  129. 129. Karachi, Pakistan
  130. 130. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
  131. 131. Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  132. 132. Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
  133. 133. Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  134. 134. Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  135. 135. Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  136. 136. Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  137. 137. Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
  138. 138. Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  139. 139. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  140. 140. Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  141. 141. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  142. 142. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  143. 143. Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  144. 144. Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  145. 145. Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
  146. 146. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  147. 147. Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  148. 148. Department of Health Economics and Management, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  149. 149. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  150. 150. Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  151. 151. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, MO, United States

Source: Injury Prevention Published:2020


Abstract

Background Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017. Methods Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning. Results Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes. Conclusions There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. © 2020 Author(s) (or their employer(s)).
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