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The Effect of Indocyanine Green Loaded on a Novel Nano-Graphene Oxide for High Performance of Photodynamic Therapy Against Enterococcus Faecalis Publisher Pubmed



Akbari T1 ; Pourhajibagher M2 ; Hosseini F1 ; Chiniforush N3 ; Gholibegloo E4, 5 ; Khoobi M5, 6 ; Shahabi S3, 7 ; Bahador A3, 8
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Laser Research Center of Dentistry (LRCD), Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
  5. 5. Nanobiomaterials Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Published:2017


Abstract

Background Recently developed photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained attention for achieving effective root canal disinfection. Using an optimized nontoxic photosensitizer (PS), such as indocyanine green (ICG), is an imperative part of this technique. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to improve ICG photodynamic properties through incorporation of ICG into nano-graphene oxide (NGO) in order to produce NGO-ICG as a new PS and also to assess the antimicrobial effects of NGO-ICG against Enterococcus faecalis after photodynamic therapy. Materials and methods NGO-ICG was synthesized based on oxidation of graphite flakes and direct loading of ICG onto NGO. NGO-ICG formation was confirmed using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and UV–vis spectrometry. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm potential of NGO-ICG-PDT against E. faecalis was assessed via colony forming unit and crystal violet assays, respectively. Results FT-IR, SEM and UV–vis spectrometry confirmed successful synthesis of NGO-ICG containing 200 μg/mL of ICG. NGO-ICG-PDT at an energy density of 31.2 J/cm2 showed a significant reduction (2.81 log) in the count of E. faecalis (P < 0.05). NGO-ICG-PDT significantly reduced the biofilm formation ability of E. faecalis up to 99.4% (P < 0.05). The overall antimicrobial and anti-biofilm potential of NGO-ICG-PDT was higher than PDT based on ICG (1000 μg/mL) (47% and 21%, respectively). Conclusion Because NGO-ICG-PDT showed a significant reduction in the number and biofilm formation ability of E. faecalis at low ICG concentrations (200 μg/mL), it could be a new approach to adjuvant treatment of endodontic infections. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
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