Causes of Premature Death and Their Associated Risk Factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran

Causes of Premature Death and Their Associated Risk Factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran Publisher Pubmed

Nalini M^{1, 2} ; Oranuba E³ ; Poustchi H^{1, 4} ; Sepanlou SG¹ ; Pourshams A^{1, 4, 5} ; Khoshnia M^{4, 6} ; Gharavi A^{4, 6} ; Dawsey SM⁷ ; Abnet CC⁷ ; Boffetta P⁸ ; Brennan P⁹ ; Sotoudeh M^{1, 4} ; Nikmanesh A^{1, 4} ; Merat S^{1, 5} Show All Authors

Nalini M^{1, 2}
Oranuba E³
Poustchi H^{1, 4}
Sepanlou SG¹
Pourshams A^{1, 4, 5}
Khoshnia M^{4, 6}
Gharavi A^{4, 6}
Dawsey SM⁷
Abnet CC⁷
Boffetta P⁸
Brennan P⁹
Sotoudeh M^{1, 4}
Nikmanesh A^{1, 4}
Merat S^{1, 5}
Etemadi A^{1, 7}
Shakeri R^{1, 4}
Sohrabpour AA¹
Nasserimoghaddam S^{1, 4}
Kamangar F^{4, 10}
Malekzadeh R^{1, 4, 5}

Show Affiliations

1. Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
3. Department of Public Health Analysis, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
4. Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5. Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Disease Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
7. Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
8. Tisch Cancer Institute, Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
9. Section of Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
10. Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States

Source: BMJ Open Published:2018

Abstract

Objectives To examine the causes of premature mortality (<70 years) and associated risk factors in the Golestan Cohort Study. Design Prospective. Setting The Golestan Cohort Study in northeastern Iran. Participants 50 045 people aged 40 or more participated in this population-based study from baseline (2004-2008) to August 2017, with over 99% success follow-up rate. Main outcome measures The top causes of premature death, HR and their 95% CI and population attributable fraction (PAF) for risk factors. Results After 444 168 person-years of follow-up (median of 10 years), 6347 deaths were reported, of which 4018 (63.3%) occurred prematurely. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) accounted for 33.9% of premature death, followed by stroke (14.0%), road injuries (4.7%), stomach cancer (4.6%) and oesophageal cancer (4.6%). Significant risk/protective factors were: wealth score (HR for highest vs lowest quintile: 0.57, PAF for lowest four quintiles vs top quintile: 28%), physical activity (highest vs lowest tertile: 0.67, lowest two tertiles vs top tertile: 22%), hypertension (1.50, 19%), opium use (1.69, 14%), education (middle school or higher vs illiterate: 0.84, illiterate or primary vs middle school or higher: 13%), tobacco use (1.38, 11%), diabetes (2.39, 8%) and vegetable/fruit consumption (highest vs lowest tertile: 0.87, lowest two tertiles vs top tertile: 8%). Collectively, these factors accounted for 76% of PAF in men and 69% in women. Conclusion IHD and stroke are the leading causes of premature mortality in the Golestan Cohort Study. Enhancing socioeconomic status and physical activity, reducing opium and tobacco use, increasing vegetable/fruit consumption and controlling hypertension and diabetes are recommended to reduce premature deaths. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Nalini M, et al.. "Causes of Premature Death and Their Associated Risk Factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran." BMJ Open, vol. 8, no. 7, 2018, pp. -.
APA	Nalini M, Oranuba E, Poustchi H, Sepanlou SG, Pourshams A, Khoshnia M, Gharavi A, Dawsey SM, Abnet CC, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Sotoudeh M, Nikmanesh A, Merat S, Etemadi A, Shakeri R, Sohrabpour AA, Nasserimoghaddam S, Kamangar F, Malekzadeh R (2018). Causes of Premature Death and Their Associated Risk Factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran. BMJ Open, 8(7), -.
Chicago	Nalini M, Oranuba E, Poustchi H, Sepanlou SG, Pourshams A, Khoshnia M, Gharavi A, et al.. "Causes of Premature Death and Their Associated Risk Factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (2018): -.
Harvard	Nalini M et al. (2018) 'Causes of Premature Death and Their Associated Risk Factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran', BMJ Open, 8(7), pp. -.
Vancouver	Nalini M, Oranuba E, Poustchi H, Sepanlou SG, Pourshams A, Khoshnia M, et al.. Causes of Premature Death and Their Associated Risk Factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7):-.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Nalini M and Oranuba E and Poustchi H and Sepanlou SG and Pourshams A and Khoshnia M and Gharavi A and Dawsey SM and Abnet CC and Boffetta P and Brennan P and Sotoudeh M and Nikmanesh A and Merat S and Etemadi A and Shakeri R and Sohrabpour AA and Nasserimoghaddam S and Kamangar F and Malekzadeh R}, title = {Causes of Premature Death and Their Associated Risk Factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran}, journal = {BMJ Open}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {-}, year = {2018} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Nalini M AU - Oranuba E AU - Poustchi H AU - Sepanlou SG AU - Pourshams A AU - Khoshnia M AU - Gharavi A AU - Dawsey SM AU - Abnet CC AU - Boffetta P AU - Brennan P AU - Sotoudeh M AU - Nikmanesh A AU - Merat S AU - Etemadi A AU - Shakeri R AU - Sohrabpour AA AU - Nasserimoghaddam S AU - Kamangar F AU - Malekzadeh R TI - Causes of Premature Death and Their Associated Risk Factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran JO - BMJ Open VL - 8 IS - 7 SP - EP - PY - 2018 ER -

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