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The Global Burden of Cancer 2013 Publisher Pubmed



Fitzmaurice C1, 2 ; Dicker D2 ; Pain A2 ; Hamavid H2 ; Moradilakeh M2, 3 ; Macintyre MF2 ; Allen C2 ; Hansen G2 ; Woodbrook R2 ; Wolfe C4 ; Hamadeh RR5 ; Moore A6 ; Werdecker A7 ; Gessner BD8 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Fitzmaurice C1, 2
  2. Dicker D2
  3. Pain A2
  4. Hamavid H2
  5. Moradilakeh M2, 3
  6. Macintyre MF2
  7. Allen C2
  8. Hansen G2
  9. Woodbrook R2
  10. Wolfe C4
  11. Hamadeh RR5
  12. Moore A6
  13. Werdecker A7
  14. Gessner BD8
  15. Te Ao B9
  16. Mcmahon B10
  17. Karimkhani C11
  18. Yu C12
  19. Cooke GS13
  20. Schwebel DC14
  21. Carpenter DO15
  22. Pereira DM16
  23. Nash D17
  24. Kazi DS18
  25. De Leo D19
  26. Plass D20
  27. Ukwaja KN21
  28. Thurston GD22
  29. Yun Jin K23
  30. Simard EP24
  31. Mills E25
  32. Park EK26
  33. Catalalopez F27
  34. Deveber G28
  35. Gotay C29
  36. Khan G30
  37. Santos IS32
  38. Leasher JL33
  39. Singh J34
  40. Leigh J35
  41. Jonas JB36
  42. Sanabria J37, 38
  43. Beardsley J39
  44. Jacobsen KH40
  45. Takahashi K41
  46. Franklin RC42
  47. Ronfani L43
  48. Montico M43
  49. Naldi L44
  50. Tonelli M45
  51. Geleijnse J46
  52. Petzold M47, 48
  53. Shrime MG49
  54. Younis M50
  55. Yonemoto N51
  56. Breitborde N52
  57. Yip P53
  58. Pourmalek F54
  59. Lotufo PA32
  60. Esteghamati A55
  61. Hankey GJ56
  62. Ali R57
  63. Lunevicius R58
  64. Malekzadeh R59
  65. Dellavalle R60, 61
  66. Weintraub R62, 63
  67. Lucas R64
  68. Hay R65
  69. Rojasrueda D66
  70. Westerman R67
  71. Sepanlou SG68
  72. Nolte S69
  73. Patten S70
  74. Weichenthal S71
  75. Abera SF72
  76. Fereshtehnejad SM73
  77. Shiue I74, 75
  78. Driscoll T76
  79. Vasankari T77
  80. Alsharif U78
  81. Rahimimovaghar V79
  82. Vlassov VV80
  83. Marcenes WS81
  84. Mekonnen W82
  85. Melaku YA83
  86. Yano Y84
  87. Artaman A85
  88. Campos I49
  89. Maclachlan J86
  90. Mueller U87
  91. Kim D88
  92. Trillini M89
  93. Eshrati B90
  94. Williams HC91
  95. Shibuya K92
  96. Dandona R93
  97. Murthy K93
  98. Cowie B86
  99. Amare AT94
  100. Antonio CA95
  101. Castanedaorjuela C96
  102. Van Gool CH97
  103. Violante F98
  104. Oh IH99
  105. Deribe K82, 100
  106. Soreide K101, 102
  107. Knibbs L103
  108. Kereselidze M104
  109. Green M105
  110. Cardenas R106
  111. Roy N107
  112. Tillmann T108
  113. Li Y109
  114. Krueger H29
  115. Monasta L43
  116. Dey S110
  117. Sheikhbahaei S55
  118. Hafezinejad N55
  119. Kumar GA93
  120. Sreeramareddy CT111
  121. Dandona L2, 93
  122. Wang H2
  123. Vollset SE112, 113
  124. Mokdad A2
  125. Salomon JA49
  126. Lozano R2, 114
  127. Vos T2
  128. Forouzanfar M2
  129. Lopez A115
  130. Murray C2
  131. Naghavi M2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  5. 5. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  6. 6. University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
  7. 7. Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Marburg, Germany
  8. 8. Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France
  9. 9. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  10. 10. Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, United States
  11. 11. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  12. 12. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  13. 13. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  14. 14. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  15. 15. Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  16. 16. Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, University do Porto, REQUIMTE, LAQV, Porto, Portugal
  17. 17. School of Public Health, Hunter College Campus, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
  18. 18. University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
  19. 19. Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  20. 20. Federal Environment Agency Section on Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Berlin, Germany
  21. 21. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  22. 22. Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, United States
  23. 23. Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Southern University College, Johor, Malaysia
  24. 24. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  25. 25. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  26. 26. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
  27. 27. Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
  28. 28. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  29. 29. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  30. 30. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
  31. 31. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  32. 32. Centre for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  33. 33. Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  34. 34. Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  35. 35. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  36. 36. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  37. 37. Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  38. 38. Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Chicago Medical School at Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago, IL, United States
  39. 39. Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, United Kingdom
  40. 40. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  41. 41. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  42. 42. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  43. 43. Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  44. 44. Azienda Ospedaliera papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  45. 45. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  46. 46. Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  47. 47. Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  48. 48. School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  49. 49. Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  50. 50. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  51. 51. National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodira, Japan
  52. 52. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  53. 53. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  54. 54. Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  55. 55. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  56. 56. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  57. 57. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  58. 58. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Aintree University Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  59. 59. Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  60. 60. Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO, United States
  61. 61. Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
  62. 62. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  63. 63. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  64. 64. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  65. 65. International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
  66. 66. Centre of Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
  67. 67. University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  68. 68. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  69. 69. Charite University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  70. 70. Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  71. 71. Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  72. 72. College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  73. 73. Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  74. 74. Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  75. 75. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  76. 76. Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  77. 77. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  78. 78. Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  79. 79. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  80. 80. National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  81. 81. Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  82. 82. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  83. 83. College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  84. 84. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  85. 85. Windsor, ON, Canada
  86. 86. Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  87. 87. Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  88. 88. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  89. 89. Mario Negri Institute for pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
  90. 90. Arak University of Medical Sciences and Health Affairs, Arak, Iran
  91. 91. University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  92. 92. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  93. 93. Public Health Foundation of India, National Capital Region, India
  94. 94. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  95. 95. University of the Philippines Manila, College of Public Health, Manila, Philippines
  96. 96. Colombian National Health Observatory Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  97. 97. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
  98. 98. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  99. 99. Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  100. 100. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  101. 101. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
  102. 102. University of Bergen, Stavanger, Norway
  103. 103. Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  104. 104. National Centre for Diseases Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
  105. 105. University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  106. 106. Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
  107. 107. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Mumbai, India
  108. 108. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  109. 109. Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States
  110. 110. Indian Institute of Public Health, National Capital Region, India
  111. 111. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Selangor, Malaysia
  112. 112. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  113. 113. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  114. 114. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  115. 115. School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Source: JAMA Oncology Published:2015


Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Current estimates of cancer burden in individual countries and regions are necessary to inform local cancer control strategies. OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 28 cancers in 188 countries by sex from 1990 to 2013. EVIDENCE REVIEW: The general methodology of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study was used. Cancer registries were the source for cancer incidence data as well as mortality incidence (MI) ratios. Sources for cause of death data include vital registration system data, verbal autopsy studies, and other sources. The MI ratios were used to transform incidence data to mortality estimates and cause of death estimates to incidence estimates. Cancer prevalence was estimated using MI ratios as surrogates for survival data; YLDs were calculated by multiplying prevalence estimates with disability weights, which were derived from population-based surveys; YLLs were computed by multiplying the number of estimated cancer deaths at each age with a reference life expectancy; and DALYs were calculated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. FINDINGS: In 2013 there were 14.9 million incident cancer cases, 8.2 million deaths, and 196.3 million DALYs. Prostate cancer was the leading cause for cancer incidence (1.4 million) for men and breast cancer for women (1.8 million). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer was the leading cause for cancer death in men and women, with 1.6 million deaths. For men, TBL cancer was the leading cause of DALYs (24.9 million). For women, breast cancer was the leading cause of DALYs (13.1 million). Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) per 100 000 and age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) per 100 000 for both sexes in 2013 were higher in developing vs developed countries for stomach cancer (ASIR, 17 vs 14; ASDR, 15 vs 11), liver cancer (ASIR, 15 vs 7; ASDR, 16 vs 7), esophageal cancer (ASIR, 9 vs 4; ASDR, 9 vs 4), cervical cancer (ASIR, 8 vs 5; ASDR, 4 vs 2), lip and oral cavity cancer (ASIR, 7 vs 6; ASDR, 2 vs 2), and nasopharyngeal cancer (ASIR, 1.5 vs 0.4; ASDR, 1.2 vs 0.3). Between 1990 and 2013, ASIRs for all cancers combined (except nonmelanoma skin cancer and Kaposi sarcoma) increased by more than 10% in 113 countries and decreased by more than 10% in 12 of 188 countries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Cancer poses a major threat to public health worldwide, and incidence rates have increased in most countries since 1990. The trend is a particular threat to developing nations with health systems that are ill-equipped to deal with complex and expensive cancer treatments. The annual update on the Global Burden of Cancer will provide all stakeholders with timely estimates to guide policy efforts in cancer prevention, screening, treatment, and palliation. Copyright 2015 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
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