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Immunology Meets Bioengineering: Improving the Effectiveness of Glioblastoma Immunotherapy Publisher



Fekrirad Z1 ; Barzegar Behrooz A2 ; Ghaemi S3 ; Khosrojerdi A4, 5 ; Zarepour A6 ; Zarrabi A6 ; Arefian E3, 7 ; Ghavami S8, 9, 10, 11
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, 18735-136, Iran
  2. 2. Brain Cancer Research Group, Department of Cancer, Asu Vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran, 1533666398, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6619, Iran
  4. 4. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, 9717853577, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey
  7. 7. Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155 -6559, Iran
  8. 8. Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Academia of Silesia, Zabrze, 41-800, Poland
  9. 9. Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 3P5, MB, Canada
  10. 10. Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 3P5, MB, Canada
  11. 11. Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, R3E 3P5, MB, Canada

Source: Cancers Published:2022


Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) therapy has seen little change over the past two decades. Surgical excision followed by radiation and chemotherapy is the current gold standard treatment. Immunotherapy techniques have recently transformed many cancer treatments, and GBM is now at the forefront of immunotherapy research. GBM immunotherapy prospects are reviewed here, with an emphasis on immune checkpoint inhibitors and oncolytic viruses. Various forms of nanomaterials to enhance immunotherapy effectiveness are also discussed. For GBM treatment and immunotherapy, we outline the specific properties of nanomaterials. In addition, we provide a short overview of several 3D (bio)printing techniques and their applications in stimulating the GBM microenvironment. Lastly, the susceptibility of GBM cancer cells to the various immunotherapy methods will be addressed. © 2022 by the authors.
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