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The Unfinished Agenda of Communicable Diseases Among Children and Adolescents Before the Covid-19 Pandemic, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Azzopardi PS1, 2, 5, 6 ; Kerr JA1, 2, 7 ; Francis KL1, 2 ; Sawyer SM1, 2 ; Kennedy EC5, 8 ; Steer AC2, 4 ; Graham SM2, 5 ; Viner RM10 ; Ward JL10 ; Hennegan J3, 5 ; Pham MD5, 8 ; Habito CMD5 ; Kurji J14, 15 ; Cini KI1, 2, 5 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Azzopardi PS1, 2, 5, 6
  2. Kerr JA1, 2, 7
  3. Francis KL1, 2
  4. Sawyer SM1, 2
  5. Kennedy EC5, 8
  6. Steer AC2, 4
  7. Graham SM2, 5
  8. Viner RM10
  9. Ward JL10
  10. Hennegan J3, 5
  11. Pham MD5, 8
  12. Habito CMD5
  13. Kurji J14, 15
  14. Cini KI1, 2, 5
  15. Beeson JG5, 9
  16. Brown A16, 17
  17. Murray CJL112, 113
  18. Abbasikangevari M18, 96
  19. Abolhassani H19, 27
  20. Adekanmbi V28
  21. Agampodi SB29, 30
  22. Ahmed MB31, 33
  23. Ajami M34, 35, 96
  24. Akbarialiabad H43
  25. Akbarzadehkhiavi M54, 96
  26. Alahdal TMA59
  27. Ali MM60
  28. Samakkhah SA61
  29. Alimohamadi Y62
  30. Alipour V64, 65
  31. Aljumaily A72, 73
  32. Amiri S14, 17, 33, 63, 152
  33. Amirzadeiranaq MH20
  34. Anoushiravani A21
  35. Anvari D74, 75
  36. Arabloo J64
  37. Arabzozani M76, 96
  38. Arkew M78, 96
  39. Armocida B79
  40. Asadipooya AA44, 80
  41. Asemi Z81
  42. Asgary S14, 17, 33, 36, 82, 152
  43. Athari SS83
  44. Azami H84
  45. Azangoukhyavy M18, 37, 96
  46. Azizi H22, 55
  47. Bagheri N85
  48. Bagherieh S89
  49. Baroneadesi F93
  50. Barteit S94
  51. Basu S95, 97
  52. Belete MA100
  53. Belo L102, 103
  54. Berhie AY106
  55. Bijani A108
  56. Bikbov B111
  57. Burkart K112, 113
  58. Carreras G115
  59. Charalampous P116
  60. Abebe EC117
  61. Cruzmartins N104, 118
  62. Dai X112, 113
  63. Dandona L112, 113, 121, 122
  64. Dandona R112, 113, 121, 122
  65. Degualem SM123
  66. Demetriades AK124, 127
  67. Demlash AA123
  68. Desta AA128
  69. Dianatinasab M45, 130
  70. Doaei S38, 131
  71. Dorostkar F66
  72. Effendi DE135
  73. Emami A46
  74. Bain LE136
  75. Eskandarieh S23
  76. Esmaeilzadeh F137
  77. Faramarzi A47, 48
  78. Fatehizadeh A90
  79. Ferrara P138
  80. Fetensa G139
  81. Fischer F142
  82. Flor LS112, 113
  83. Forouhari A91, 92
  84. Foroutan M145, 146
  85. Gaihre S147
  86. Galehdar N148
  87. Gallus S149
  88. Gautam RK150
  89. Gebrehiwot M101
  90. Gebremeskel TG151, 153
  91. Getacher L154
  92. Getachew ME32, 140
  93. Ghamari SH18, 37
  94. Nour MG157
  95. Goleij P161
  96. Golitaleb M162
  97. Gorini G114
  98. Gupta VK163
  99. Hashemian M21, 164
  100. Hassankhani H56, 165
  101. Heidari M86
  102. Heyi DZ166
  103. Isola G167
  104. Jaafari J132
  105. Javanmardi F49
  106. Jonas JB168, 169
  107. Jozwiak JJ170
  108. Jurisson M171
  109. Kabir A67, 172
  110. Kabir Z67, 172
  111. Kalankesh LR173
  112. Kalhor R174, 175
  113. Kauppila JH177, 178
  114. Kaur H120
  115. Kayode GA179, 180
  116. Keikavoosiarani L181
  117. Khammarnia M183
  118. Khan MAB184, 185
  119. Khatab K186, 187
  120. Kashani HRK39
  121. Kolahi AA37
  122. Koohestani HR188
  123. Koyanagi A189, 190
  124. Kumar GA121
  125. Kurmi OP191, 192
  126. Kyu HH112, 113
  127. Vecchia CL193
  128. Lallukka T194
  129. Lim SS112, 113
  130. Loureiro JA105, 195
  131. Mahjoub S109, 110
  132. Mahmoudi R176
  133. Majeed A98
  134. Rad EM24
  135. Maleki A25, 196
  136. Mansourghanaei F133, 134
  137. Marjani A197
  138. Mathioudakis AG199, 200
  139. Mehri F201
  140. Mentis AF202
  141. Mestrovic T112, 203
  142. Mirica A204
  143. Misganaw A113, 205
  144. Mohammadianhafshejani A87
  145. Mohammed H206, 207, 208
  146. Mohammed S206, 207, 208
  147. Mokdad AH112, 113
  148. Mokhtarzadehazar P209
  149. Monasta L211
  150. Moradi M71
  151. Moradzadeh M198
  152. Morovatdar N158
  153. Mueller UO213, 214
  154. Mulita F215, 216
  155. Mulu GBB155
  156. Muthupandian S217, 218
  157. Naik GR152, 220
  158. Nashwan AJJ221
  159. Nejadghaderi SA40, 222
  160. Netsere HB107, 129
  161. Noor NM11, 223
  162. Noori M68, 229
  163. Oancea B224
  164. Oguntade AS12, 225
  165. Okatialiabad H183
  166. Otoiu A204
  167. Padronmonedero A226
  168. Pakzad R227
  169. Pandey A120
  170. Pardhan S228
  171. Parikh RR229
  172. Patel J125, 230
  173. Pensato U231
  174. Peprah P232
  175. Perico N233
  176. Poddighe D234, 235
  177. Postma MJ236, 238
  178. Rahim F239
  179. Rahimimovaghar V26
  180. Rahmani S18, 40
  181. Rahmanian V240
  182. Rawaf S98, 241
  183. Razeghianjahromi I50
  184. Regasa MT141
  185. Remuzzi G233
  186. Rezaeian M242
  187. Riad A243, 244
  188. Romerorodriguez E245
  189. Ronfani L211
  190. Pramanik KR246
  191. Sabour S41
  192. Sadeghian S247
  193. Saeb MR248
  194. Safary A57
  195. Sahebkar A159, 160
  196. Sahiledengle B166
  197. Samadzadeh S143, 249
  198. Sarveazad A69
  199. Sethi Y250
  200. Shahabi S51
  201. Shahrakisanavi F183
  202. Shamsbeyranvand M107, 129, 182
  203. Sharafi K251
  204. Sharew NT156, 237
  205. Sheikh A96, 126
  206. Sheikhi RA88
  207. Shiri R252
  208. Socea B253, 254
  209. Soltanizangbar MS58
  210. Tabaresseisdedos R255, 256
  211. Tabatabai S42
  212. Soodejani MT257
  213. Oliaee RT52, 53
  214. Tiyuri A70, 77
  215. Tovanipalone MR219, 258
  216. Tualeka AR259
  217. Valizadeh R210
  218. Van Den Eynde J260
  219. Vasankari TJ261, 262
  220. Vos T112, 113
  221. Walde MT263
  222. Wang Y264
  223. Wei FL265
  224. Westerman R212
  225. Yadav V266
  226. Yaya S99, 267
  227. Zare I268
  228. Zhu B269
  229. Zoladl M144
  230. Zumla A13, 119
  231. Hay SI112, 113
  232. Patton GC1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Centre for Adolescent Health, Population Health Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  2. 2. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  3. 3. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  4. 4. Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  5. 5. Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Program, International Development Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  6. 6. Adolescent Health and Wellbeing, Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  7. 7. Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
  8. 8. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Australia
  9. 9. Central Clinical School, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  10. 10. UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  11. 11. Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  12. 12. Institute of Cardiovascular Science, United Kingdom
  13. 13. Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  14. 14. Department of Aboriginal Health Equity, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  15. 15. School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  16. 16. National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  17. 17. Department of Indigenous Genomics, Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  18. 18. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  28. 28. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  29. 29. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  30. 30. Department of New Initiatives, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
  31. 31. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  32. 32. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  33. 33. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  34. 34. Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  40. 40. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  42. 42. Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  43. 43. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  44. 44. Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  45. 45. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  46. 46. Microbiology Department of Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  47. 47. Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  48. 48. Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  49. 49. Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  50. 50. Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  51. 51. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  52. 52. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  53. 53. Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  54. 54. Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  55. 55. Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  56. 56. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  57. 57. Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  58. 58. Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  59. 59. Institute of Global Health, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
  60. 60. School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  61. 61. Department of Food Hygiene, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
  62. 62. Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  63. 63. Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  64. 64. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  65. 65. Department of Health Economics, Tehran, Iran
  66. 66. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  67. 67. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  68. 68. Student Research Committee, Tehran, Iran
  69. 69. Colorectal Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  70. 70. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran, Iran
  71. 71. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  72. 72. School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
  73. 73. Information and Communication Sciences and Technologies Pole, Mathematics, Algorithms and Decision Team, ENSTA Bretagne, Brest, France
  74. 74. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  75. 75. Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  76. 76. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  77. 77. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  78. 78. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
  79. 79. Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
  80. 80. Neurology Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  81. 81. Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  82. 82. National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Education (NASRME), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  83. 83. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  84. 84. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  85. 85. Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  86. 86. Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  87. 87. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  88. 88. Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  89. 89. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  90. 90. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  91. 91. Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  92. 92. Emergency Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  93. 93. Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
  94. 94. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
  95. 95. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  96. 96. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  97. 97. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  98. 98. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  99. 99. The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  100. 100. Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  101. 101. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  102. 102. Biological Sciences Department
  103. 103. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  104. 104. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  105. 105. Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  106. 106. School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  107. 107. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  108. 108. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  109. 109. Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  110. 110. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  111. 111. Scientific-Tools.Org, Bergamo, Italy
  112. 112. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  113. 113. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  114. 114. Oncological Network, Florence, Italy
  115. 115. Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  116. 116. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  117. 117. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  118. 118. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
  119. 119. National Institute for Health and Care Research- Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  120. 120. Department of Research, Gurugram, India
  121. 121. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  122. 122. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  123. 123. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  124. 124. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  125. 125. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  126. 126. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  127. 127. Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  128. 128. Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  129. 129. School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  130. 130. Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  131. 131. School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  132. 132. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  133. 133. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  134. 134. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  135. 135. Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
  136. 136. Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  137. 137. Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  138. 138. Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  139. 139. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  140. 140. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  141. 141. Department of Midwifery, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  142. 142. Institute of Public Health, Finland
  143. 143. Department of Neurology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  144. 144. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  145. 145. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  146. 146. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  147. 147. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  148. 148. Department of Surgical Technology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  149. 149. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  150. 150. Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India
  151. 151. Discipline of Population Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  152. 152. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  153. 153. Department of Reproductive Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  154. 154. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  155. 155. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  156. 156. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  157. 157. E-Learning Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  158. 158. Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  159. 159. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  160. 160. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  161. 161. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  162. 162. Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  163. 163. Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  164. 164. Biology Department, Utica University, Utica, NY, United States
  165. 165. Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
  166. 166. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  167. 167. Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  168. 168. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  169. 169. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  170. 170. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  171. 171. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  172. 172. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  173. 173. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  174. 174. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  175. 175. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  176. 176. Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  177. 177. Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  178. 178. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  179. 179. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  180. 180. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  181. 181. Department of Healthcare Services Management, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  182. 182. School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  183. 183. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  184. 184. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  185. 185. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  186. 186. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  187. 187. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  188. 188. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  189. 189. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  190. 190. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  191. 191. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  192. 192. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  193. 193. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  194. 194. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  195. 195. School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  196. 196. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  197. 197. Department of Biochemistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  198. 198. Joint, Bone, Connective Tissue, Rheumatology Research Center (JBCRC), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  199. 199. Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  200. 200. North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
  201. 201. Nutrition Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  202. 202. International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
  203. 203. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  204. 204. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  205. 205. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  206. 206. Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  207. 207. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  208. 208. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  209. 209. School of Medicine, Urmia, Iran
  210. 210. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  211. 211. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  212. 212. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Germany
  213. 213. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  214. 214. Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
  215. 215. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  216. 216. School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  217. 217. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  218. 218. Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
  219. 219. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
  220. 220. Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  221. 221. Department of Nursing Education and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  222. 222. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  223. 223. Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  224. 224. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  225. 225. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  226. 226. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  227. 227. Department of Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  228. 228. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  229. 229. Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  230. 230. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  231. 231. Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
  232. 232. Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  233. 233. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  234. 234. School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  235. 235. Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Astana, Kazakhstan
  236. 236. University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
  237. 237. Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  238. 238. Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  239. 239. Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq
  240. 240. Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
  241. 241. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  242. 242. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  243. 243. Department of Public Health, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  244. 244. Czech National Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  245. 245. Clinical and Epidemiological Research in Primary Care (GICEAP), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
  246. 246. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  247. 247. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  248. 248. Department of Polymer Technology, Gda'sk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
  249. 249. Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  250. 250. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India
  251. 251. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  252. 252. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  253. 253. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  254. 254. Department of Surgery, Sfantul Pantelimon Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  255. 255. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  256. 256. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  257. 257. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  258. 258. Modestum LTD, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
  259. 259. Department Occupational Health and Safety, Universitas Airlngga, Surabaya, Indonesia
  260. 260. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
  261. 261. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  262. 262. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  263. 263. Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  264. 264. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  265. 265. Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
  266. 266. Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
  267. 267. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  268. 268. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  269. 269. School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China

Source: The Lancet Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Communicable disease control has long been a focus of global health policy. There have been substantial reductions in the burden and mortality of communicable diseases among children younger than 5 years, but we know less about this burden in older children and adolescents, and it is unclear whether current programmes and policies remain aligned with targets for intervention. This knowledge is especially important for policy and programmes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to use the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 to systematically characterise the burden of communicable diseases across childhood and adolescence. Methods: In this systematic analysis of the GBD study from 1990 to 2019, all communicable diseases and their manifestations as modelled within GBD 2019 were included, categorised as 16 subgroups of common diseases or presentations. Data were reported for absolute count, prevalence, and incidence across measures of cause-specific mortality (deaths and years of life lost), disability (years lived with disability [YLDs]), and disease burden (disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs]) for children and adolescents aged 0–24 years. Data were reported across the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and across time (1990–2019), and for 204 countries and territories. For HIV, we reported the mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) as a measure of health system performance. Findings: In 2019, there were 3·0 million deaths and 30·0 million years of healthy life lost to disability (as measured by YLDs), corresponding to 288·4 million DALYs from communicable diseases among children and adolescents globally (57·3% of total communicable disease burden across all ages). Over time, there has been a shift in communicable disease burden from young children to older children and adolescents (largely driven by the considerable reductions in children younger than 5 years and slower progress elsewhere), although children younger than 5 years still accounted for most of the communicable disease burden in 2019. Disease burden and mortality were predominantly in low-SDI settings, with high and high-middle SDI settings also having an appreciable burden of communicable disease morbidity (4·0 million YLDs in 2019 alone). Three cause groups (enteric infections, lower-respiratory-tract infections, and malaria) accounted for 59·8% of the global communicable disease burden in children and adolescents, with tuberculosis and HIV both emerging as important causes during adolescence. HIV was the only cause for which disease burden increased over time, particularly in children and adolescents older than 5 years, and especially in females. Excess MIRs for HIV were observed for males aged 15–19 years in low-SDI settings. Interpretation: Our analysis supports continued policy focus on enteric infections and lower-respiratory-tract infections, with orientation to children younger than 5 years in settings of low socioeconomic development. However, efforts should also be targeted to other conditions, particularly HIV, given its increased burden in older children and adolescents. Older children and adolescents also experience a large burden of communicable disease, further highlighting the need for efforts to extend beyond the first 5 years of life. Our analysis also identified substantial morbidity caused by communicable diseases affecting child and adolescent health across the world. Funding: The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence for Driving Investment in Global Adolescent Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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